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CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
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Psychoactive drugs impact brain function, influencing perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior. These substances are grouped based on their effects and the mechanisms by which they act.
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Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that profoundly alter perceptual experiences, generating unreal visual and sensory images. Often referred to as psychedelic drugs — a term derived from the Greek words "psyche" (mind) and "delos" (revealing) — these substances include marijuana and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), among others. These drugs vary in intensity and effects.
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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
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Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
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What is a "Cannabis User"?

Ruth Fisher1

  • 1Co-Founder of CannDynamics, St. Petersburg, Florida.

Clinical Therapeutics
|December 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Standardized methods are urgently needed to accurately identify and characterize cannabis users in research. Current inconsistent approaches hinder reliable data collection, impacting public health strategies and clinical practices.

Area of Science:

  • Cannabis research
  • Public health
  • Clinical science

Background:

  • Increasing cannabis legalization necessitates standardized user identification.
  • Variability in user demographics, consumption, and products complicates research.
  • Lack of uniform methodologies hinders evidence-based policy and intervention development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Highlight the need for uniform methodologies in cannabis user identification and characterization.
  • Enhance the reliability and generalizability of cannabis-related research.
  • Address inconsistencies in current research practices.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewed correlational studies on cannabis use outcomes.
  • Assessed methods for identifying and characterizing cannabis users.
Keywords:
Cannabis useCannabis userHeavy userModerate userSelf-report

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  • Identified standardization gaps in survey tools, self-reports, health records, and biochemical assays.

    • Main Results:

    • Current methods lack consistency in defining use frequency (e.g., occasional vs. heavy).
    • Insufficient detail captured on usage patterns, product types, dose, and cannabinoid content (THC, CBD).
    • Challenges in identifying users due to self-report bias, lack of health codes, and inaccurate biological tests.

    Conclusions:

    • Standardized methods will improve research comparability, enabling meta-analyses and longitudinal studies.
    • Consistent user characterization can guide clinical practices and tailored interventions.
    • Urgent global collaboration is needed to develop and adopt standardized cannabis user identification methods.