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Non-destructive Tests for Concrete Strength01:12

Non-destructive Tests for Concrete Strength

The rebound hammer test, also known as the Schmidt hammer test, is a non-destructive technique for evaluating the hardness of concrete and, indirectly, the strength of concrete. It operates on the principle that the rebound of a spring-driven mass from a concrete surface correlates to the surface's hardness. The device comprises a mass within a tubular housing, a spring mechanism, and a plunger that strikes the concrete. Upon release, the energy imparted to the mass by the spring causes it to...

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Differences in Ground Reaction Force During Foot Strength Testing in Sitting and Standing Positions.

Karen M Stevens1, Maxine L Olson1, Frank E DiLiberto1

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.

Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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Standing foot strength testing yields greater force output than sitting. Changes in ground reaction force (GRF) correlate with strength, suggesting standing enhances rearfoot stability for improved clinical assessment.

Keywords:
foot musclesforce platemeasurementtest position

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Movement Science
  • Clinical Assessment

Background:

  • Foot strength is crucial for mobility, balance, and overall function, yet its accurate measurement remains challenging.
  • Understanding the biomechanical differences between sitting and standing positions during foot strength testing is essential for enhancing clinical utility.
  • Changes in ground reaction force (GRF) may offer insights into observed strength variations between different test postures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether changes in ground reaction force (Δ GRF) differ between sitting and standing foot strength tests.
  • To determine the association between Δ GRF and measured foot strength in both test positions.
  • To provide evidence-based recommendations for optimizing clinical foot strength assessments.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty healthy adults (mean age 24.7 years) participated in the study.
  • Participants were randomly assigned to either a sitting or standing initial test position.
  • Foot strength and 3D Δ GRF were measured using a force plate and a scale while subjects performed a towel curl task with their toes.

Main Results:

  • Mean peak foot strength and anterior-posterior GRF (Δ GRFx) were significantly greater in the standing position (P < .001).
  • Strong correlations were observed between sitting and standing peak strength (r = .703).
  • Peak strength showed strong correlations with Δ GRFx (r = .738) and superior-inferior GRF (Δ GRFz = .595) in the standing position.

Conclusions:

  • Higher strength production in standing, correlated with Δ GRF, aligns with task demands and highlights the role of rearfoot stability.
  • The standing position appears more effective for assessing maximal foot strength due to greater force production and GRF engagement.
  • Clinical assessment of foot strength is recommended in the standing position over the sitting position for improved validity and reliability.