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Updated: Jul 9, 2026

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Linear and nonlinear effects of Spatial and Temporal attention: human data and drift diffusion model.

Isaac R Christian1, A J Lonski2, Javier Masís3

  • 1Department of Psychology , Princeton University , Princeton, 08544, NJ, USA. isaacrc@princeton.edu.

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Expectations about when and where stimuli appear influence attention. These factors interact nonlinearly, shaping spatiotemporal attention, and can be modeled by a cost-benefit framework.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Anticipatory attention is influenced by expectations of stimulus appearance.
  • Spatial and temporal attention mechanisms are crucial for cognitive processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction between spatial and temporal expectations on attention.
  • To determine if a unified mechanism underlies attentional effects across domains.

Main Methods:

  • An attention paradigm manipulating explicit cues and implicit temporal statistics.
  • Analysis of linear and nonlinear trends in behavioral data.
  • Augmented drift diffusion modeling to explain attentional allocation.

Main Results:

  • Explicit cues and temporal statistics individually affected performance but showed no linear interaction.
  • Nonlinear analysis revealed interactions, with task duration expectations shaping spatiotemporal attention.
  • The drift diffusion model replicated linear effects and some nonlinear features.

Conclusions:

  • Spatiotemporal attention is shaped by expectations about task duration.
  • A cost-benefit framework may parsimoniously explain diverse attentional features.
  • Further model refinement is needed to capture all nonlinear attentional dynamics.