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Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Bioprinting Cellularized Constructs Using a Tissue-specific Hydrogel Bioink
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Double-Network Polysaccharide-Collagen Hybrid Bioink.

Fabian Tribukait-Riemenschneider1, V Prasad Shastri2

  • 1Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg,Freiburg 79104, Germany.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|December 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel hybrid bioink combining carboxylated agarose and collagen type 1 for advanced tissue engineering. This innovative material balances mechanical strength and biological activity, enabling precise 3D bioprinting applications.

Keywords:
3D bioprintingcarboxylated agarosecollagenhybrid bioinkinterpenetrating network

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Bioprinting Technology

Background:

  • Hydrogel-based bioinks are crucial for tissue engineering but often lack balanced mechanical and biological properties.
  • Carboxylated agarose (CA) offers good mechanical properties, while collagen type 1 provides essential biological functionality.
  • Existing bioinks struggle to combine both mechanical robustness and cell-interactive features effectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an innovative hybrid bioink by combining carboxylated agarose (CA) and collagen type 1.
  • To achieve a bioink that simultaneously possesses superior mechanical properties and enhanced biological activity for tissue engineering.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of creating a dual-component bioink without compromising the individual attributes of CA and collagen.

Main Methods:

  • A hybrid bioink was formulated by combining carboxylated agarose (CA) with collagen type 1.
  • The printability, accuracy, layer adhesion, and gelation properties of the hybrid bioink were evaluated.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescent labeling were used to analyze the microstructure and component distribution.
  • The biological efficacy, including cell adhesion, proliferation, and metabolism, was assessed.

Main Results:

  • The hybrid bioink exhibited high printing accuracy, good layer-to-layer adhesion, and rapid gelation, enabling overhang printing.
  • SEM and fluorescent imaging confirmed uniform mixing and an interpenetrating double network structure of CA and collagen.
  • The collagen component provided essential cell-adhesion moieties, supporting cell proliferation and metabolism.
  • The hybrid material synergistically balanced the mechanical strength of CA and the biological functionality of collagen.

Conclusions:

  • The developed hybrid bioink successfully integrates the mechanical strength of carboxylated agarose with the biological activity of collagen type 1.
  • This innovative bioink overcomes the limitations of single-component systems, offering a versatile platform for advanced tissue engineering.
  • The interpenetrating network structure provides a synergistic balance, paving the way for improved 3D bioprinting applications.