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Utilizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Language Function in Stroke Patients with Chronic Non-fluent Aphasia

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Effects of Tongue Training Tasks on Intramuscular Activity Distribution: Evaluation Using Muscle Functional Magnetic

Masahiro Sato¹, Satoshi Yamaguchi¹, Yoshinori Hattori¹

¹Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.

Journal of Oral Rehabilitation

|December 8, 2025

Summary

Tongue resistance training (TRT) direction influences muscle activity patterns in the tongue. This research offers new insights for designing more effective speech and swallowing rehabilitation programs.

Keywords:

deglutition disorders humans magnetic resonance imaging rehabilitation resistance training tongue

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics of speech and swallowing
Neuromuscular rehabilitation

Background:

Tongue resistance training (TRT) may improve tongue function, but muscle activity distribution during different exercises is not well understood.
Understanding site-specific muscle activation is crucial for optimizing TRT protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how TRT direction affects tongue muscle activity distribution using muscle functional MRI (mfMRI).
To correlate these muscle activity patterns with functional outcomes.

Main Methods:

Twenty participants were randomized into elevation or lateral TRT groups for 4 weeks.
mfMRI was used to assess tongue muscle activity before and after training.
Maximal tongue pressure and oral diadochokinesis were measured.

Main Results:

Elevation TRT activated the anterior tongue, while lateral TRT engaged a wider area, including the tongue root.
The elevation group showed significant improvements in maximal elevation tongue pressure and oral diadochokinesis.
No significant difference was found in lateral tongue pressure between groups.

Conclusions:

TRT direction demonstrably alters tongue muscle activation patterns.
These findings provide a deeper understanding of TRT's qualitative effects beyond simple tongue pressure measurements.
This knowledge can inform the development of more targeted and effective rehabilitation strategies.