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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle

Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle

Published on: August 30, 2021

Intravaginal Progesterone Application as an Efficient and Reproducible Tool for Synchronizing the Mouse Estrous

Ban Sato¹, Yutaka Yamashita¹, Miyuki Shindo²

¹Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Department of Life Sciences School of Agriculture, Meiji University Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan.

Reproductive Medicine and Biology

|February 11, 2026

Summary

Intravaginal progesterone (P4) cream effectively synchronizes the mouse estrous cycle. This method improves reproductive efficiency and animal welfare by reducing discomfort and the need for vasectomized males.

Keywords:

animal welfare intravaginal application progesterone pseudopregnant females synchronization of estrous cycle

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Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

Reproductive biology
Animal models
Veterinary science

Background:

Estrous cycle synchronization is vital for reproductive research consistency in female mice.
Conventional progesterone administration has limitations like invasiveness and inconsistent efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate intravaginal progesterone (P4) application for estrous cycle synchronization in mice.
To assess the impact of this novel method on reproductive performance and embryo transfer success.

Main Methods:

Custom progesterone (P4) cream applied intravaginally and removed after 24 hours.
Vaginal smear tests used for estrous cycle monitoring over 4-5 days.
Combination of P4 with anti-inhibin antibody (AIMA) for enhanced reproductive outcomes and embryo transfer.

Main Results:

Intravaginal P4 application successfully synchronized estrous cycles without negative effects on pregnancy rates or litter size.
Combined P4 and AIMA treatment significantly increased offspring numbers compared to natural mating (p=0.006).
The protocol facilitated consistent production of pseudopregnant recipients for embryo transfer.

Conclusions:

Intravaginal P4 offers a less invasive and more effective method for mouse estrous cycle synchronization.
This approach enhances reproductive efficiency and animal welfare in research settings.
The method reduces reliance on vasectomized males, simplifying experimental procedures.