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Dose-response associations between leisure-time physical activity, heart age and predicted 10-year cardiovascular

Yijian Ding1, Xi Xu2, Bingxiang Xu3

  • 1Department of Physical Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China.

Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England)
|December 8, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Regular leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) reduces heart age and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Vigorous activity offers greater benefits, with inflammation playing a key mediating role in this cardioprotective effect.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Preventive Medicine
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major global health concern.
  • Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is crucial for cardiovascular health.
  • Understanding the dose-response relationship between LTPA and CVD risk factors is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dose-response relationship between LTPA and cardiovascular health.
  • To assess the impact of LTPA on heart age and predicted 10-year CVD risk.
  • To explore the mediating role of inflammatory regulation in LTPA's effects on cardiovascular health.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 6658 adults (30-74 years) using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015-2018) data.
  • Generalized linear regression models (GLMs) and restricted cubic splines to analyze LTPA-cardiovascular health associations.
  • Heatmap visualization for variable distribution assessment.

Main Results:

  • LTPA showed an inverse association with heart age, predicted 10-year CVD risk, and odds of high CVD risk.
  • Each additional weekly hour of LTPA correlated with a 0.17-year reduction in heart age and a 0.07% decrease in CVD risk.
  • Vigorous-intensity LTPA yielded greater cardioprotective benefits than moderate activity, with inflammation mediating these effects.

Conclusions:

  • LTPA demonstrates a dose-dependent cardioprotective effect.
  • Anti-inflammatory pathways partially mediate the relationship between LTPA and cardiovascular health.
  • Promoting LTPA, especially vigorous-intensity activity, is vital for cardiovascular health.
Abstract

Keywords:
National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveycardiovascular healthheart agephysical activitysystemic inflammation

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