Nanoparticle-based biosensor- from existing to advanced tools in diagnosis of tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) causes Tuberculosis (TB), which is a fatal infectious disease. Timely diagnosis of tuberculosis is crucial, and the conventional culture method is time-consuming and smear microscopic staining is less sensitive. Significantly, rapid molecular diagnostic assays are frequently used to detect this infection with high sensitivity and specificity. However, tuberculosis and associated ailments have been identified by several tuberculosis marker proteins. A range of biosensing methodologies, such as nucleic acid amplification tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, radiometric detection, and latex agglutination have been utilized to enhance tuberculosis diagnosis. Majorly, the detection of two biomarkers in Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli prominently produce a 10 kDa culture filtrate antigen (CFP-10) and a 6-kDa early secretory antigenic target (ESAT-6). In this context, Nanoparticle-based biosensors make it easier to find different stages of disease development. In recent years, it has been strongly linked to tubercular disease diagnoses. Nanoparticles are likely to be inorganic and organic, and predominantly inorganic (Silver, Gold, zinc oxide, iron oxide, and silica) nanoparticles have been well studied. Notably, antibacterials are made from gold and silver nanoparticles that are made from vegetable oil. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively analyze the recent developments of nanoparticle-based diagnostics advances to detect tuberculosis.