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Bone Structure

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.

Gross Anatomy of Bone

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in...

Compact Bone

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the...

Spongy Bone

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...

Bone Markings

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Published on: December 3, 2016

Periosteum as a Barrier Membrane.

Dennis Flanagan

The Journal of Oral Implantology

|December 9, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The periosteum, a bone-enveloping tissue, aids regeneration by providing osteoprogenitor cells. It acts as a natural barrier, preventing fibroblast infiltration for successful oral osseous regeneration.

Keywords:

angiogenesis collagen fibroblast guided tissue osteogenesis wound

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Published on: December 3, 2016

Isolation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and their Cultivation on the Porous Bone Matrix

Isolation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and their Cultivation on the Porous Bone Matrix

Published on: February 9, 2015

Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Alveolar Periosteum and Effects of Vitamin D on Osteogenic Activity of Periosteum-derived Cells

Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Alveolar Periosteum and Effects of Vitamin D on Osteogenic Activity of Periosteum-derived Cells

Published on: May 4, 2018

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Regenerative Medicine
Oral Surgery

Background:

The periosteum is a vital connective tissue surrounding bones, crucial for bone repair and growth.
Its rich cellularity and vascularity support osteogenesis and osseous regeneration.
Fibroblast infiltration into surgical sites can impede successful bone regeneration in oral surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the role of the periosteum in bone regeneration.
To explore the potential of using the periosteum as a natural barrier membrane in oral surgery.
To investigate the periosteum's efficacy in preventing fibroblast infiltration for enhanced osseous regeneration.

Main Methods:

Review of periosteal properties and function in bone regeneration.
Analysis of fibroblast behavior and infiltration in surgical contexts.
Evaluation of the periosteum's barrier function against fibrous tissue.

Main Results:

The periosteum contains osteoprogenitor cells essential for bone formation.
Periosteum effectively excludes fibrous connective tissue from bone surfaces.
It acts as a natural barrier, inhibiting fibroblast ingrowth.

Conclusions:

The periosteum's inherent properties make it a valuable component in regenerative therapies.
Utilizing the periosteum as a barrier membrane offers a promising strategy for dental surgeons.
This approach can facilitate optimal bone regeneration by preventing unwanted tissue infiltration.