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Related Concept Videos

Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
Commonly used reporter...
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
Transcription01:17

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
Structure of a Gene01:30

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
However, only 1% of the DNA is composed of genes that encode proteins; the rest, 99% is non-coding DNA. This non-coding DNA performs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells
09:47

Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells

Published on: July 2, 2013

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Transcriptomic Analysis of Gingival Tissues: Insights Into Gene Expression Profiles.

Saravanan Sampoornam Pape Reddy1, Yash Dhiman2, Delfin Lovelina Francis3

  • 1Department of Periodontology, Army Dental Corps, New Delhi, India.

International Journal of Genomics
|December 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human gingiva

Keywords:
computational biologyconnective tissueepitheliumgingivasequence analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Oral biology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Human gingiva comprises distinct connective tissue (CT) and gingival epithelium (GE) layers.
  • Understanding the molecular basis of their specialized functions is crucial for periodontal health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct transcriptomic profiles and molecular pathways of human gingival connective tissue and epithelium.
  • To elucidate the molecular drivers of their unique functional characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Differential gene expression analysis of publicly available datasets (GSE38617, GSE7224) from healthy human gingival tissues.
  • Utilized R package 'limma' for analysis with stringent statistical cutoffs (log2 fold change ≥ 1, adjusted p-value < 0.05).

Main Results:

  • Identified 11,096 differentially expressed genes between CT and GE.
  • CT upregulated genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, collagen synthesis, and immunomodulation (e.g., COL1A1, COL3A1).
  • GE upregulated genes related to epithelial barrier integrity, antimicrobial defense, and keratinocyte differentiation (e.g., DEFB1, KRT10).
  • Pathway analysis revealed PI3K-Akt signaling and ECM-receptor interaction in CT, and tight junctions and IL-17 signaling in GE.

Conclusions:

  • Transcriptional landscapes of CT and GE highlight specialized functions in maintaining periodontal health.
  • CT primarily supports ECM structure and immune modulation, while GE focuses on barrier defense and antimicrobial functions.