Maternal Cancer Mortality and Orphanhood: A Neglected Global Health and Equity Challenge

Background: Maternal cancer mortality represents a growing but under-recognized global public health issue with profound consequences for surviving children. Breast cancer, cervical cancer, and other common malignancies disproportionately affect women in their reproductive years, leading to substantial psychosocial, health, and socioeconomic impacts for their children. Objective: To synthesize current evidence on the global burden, determinants and consequences of maternal orphanhood due to cancer, and to identify prevention and policy opportunities aligned with existing health system goals and global cancer initiatives. Methods: A structured literature search (2010-2025) was conducted across four databases using predefined keywords, with eligibility screening based on relevance to maternal cancer mortality and orphanhood outcomes. Evidence was analyzed under four thematic domains and interpreted comparatively using World Bank income classifications. Results: An estimated 1.05 million children became orphans due to maternal cancer in 2020. The burden was greatest in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) (83%), particularly in Asia and Africa (>80%), with the highest numbers in India, China, Nigeria, and Ethiopia. Breast, cervical, and upper gastrointestinal cancers are the leading causes. The majority of the affected children were ≥ 10 years old (69%). Maternal orphanhood was linked to poorer survival, mental health, education, and socioeconomic outcomes. Conclusions: Maternal orphanhood from cancer highlights preventable inequities in women's health, cancer control, and child support systems. Despite global initiatives, the burden remains largely unaddressed. Prioritizing equitable access to vaccination, screening, treatment, and social protection within national cancer policies is essential to reduce avoidable maternal deaths and protect affected children.