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Electroretinogram Analysis of the Visual Response in Zebrafish Larvae

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3D-printed enclosure wire-guided liquid microfilm for versatile spectroscopy.

Matthew J Silverstein¹, Yasashri Ranathunga¹, Yuki Kobayashi²

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments

|December 10, 2025

Summary

This study introduces a 3D-printed device for creating stable, tunable liquid microfilms for spectroscopy. The innovative design ensures reproducibility and versatility across various spectroscopic techniques.

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Area of Science:

Spectroscopy
Instrumentation
3D Printing

Background:

Liquid microfilms are essential for various spectroscopic analyses.
Developing stable and tunable liquid microfilms presents significant challenges.
Existing methods for generating liquid microfilms can be complex and expensive.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a novel 3D-printing-based design for producing wire-guided liquid microfilms.
To demonstrate the versatility and reproducibility of the developed instrument for spectroscopic applications.
To enable faster adoption of experimental techniques through accessible instrumentation.

Main Methods:

Utilized 3D printing to construct an enclosure for a wire-guided liquid microfilm generator.
Characterized microfilm thickness tunability (25-180 μm) and temporal stability (<1.0% deviation).
Tested the device's performance in Raman, fluorescence, and nonlinear spectroscopy.

Main Results:

Achieved optically useful liquid microfilms with tunable thicknesses from 25-180 μm.
Demonstrated high spatial homogeneity and stability over 10 hours.
Confirmed the device's versatility across multiple spectroscopic methods (Raman, fluorescence, nonlinear).
Highlighted the high reproducibility attributed to the 3D-printed design.

Conclusions:

The 3D-printed wire-guided liquid microfilm device is a versatile and reproducible platform for spectroscopy.
This approach facilitates the creation of stable, tunable liquid microfilms, enhancing spectroscopic capabilities.
The feasibility of applying 3D printing to instrumentation design accelerates the adoption of advanced experimental techniques.