Genome-wide exploration of 2OGD superfamily in Raphanus sativus: unveiling two ANS genes as key players in...

The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2OGD) superfamily is critical for plant primary and secondary metabolism, but its evolutionary dynamics in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) remain uncharacterized. This study identified 165 radish 2OGD members with distinct physicochemical properties, including amino acid lengths ranging from 122 to 546, molecular weights from 13.1 to 60.1 kDa, and predominant subcellular localizations in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and chloroplast. Phylogenetic analysis clustered these 2OGD genes into 20 clades, functionally categorized into groups involved in hormone metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, and specialized metabolite synthesis. Chromosomal localization revealed uneven distribution across 9 chromosomes, with 89 pairs of segmental duplicates and significant syntenic relationships with Arabidopsis 2OGD genes, indicating expansion via gene duplication. Two ANS homologs, RsANS1 and RsANS2, in the LDOX clade were highly expressed in red radish taproots, their overexpression in Arabidopsis enhanced anthocyanin content.​ This study clarifies the evolutionary dynamics of the radish 2OGD superfamily, confirms the role RsANS1 and RsANS2 in anthocyanin biosynthesis, and lays a foundation for investigating the functions of 2OGD genes in regulating metabolite diversification and phenotypic development in radish.