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Related Concept Videos

Psychotherapy01:28

Psychotherapy

452
Psychotherapy is a versatile, nonmedical approach aimed at helping individuals address emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal issues to enhance their overall well-being. It can involve one-on-one sessions, couples counseling, or small group discussions with a therapist. The therapeutic process includes various techniques such as open discussion, interpretation of thoughts and behaviors, active listening, positive reinforcement, and role modeling. Psychotherapy aims to support individuals in...
452
Cognitive Therapy01:25

Cognitive Therapy

838
Cognitive therapy, pioneered by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, is a structured approach to addressing psychological distress by focusing on the influence of thoughts on emotions and behaviors. All cognitive therapies involve the basic assumption that human beings have control over their feelings, and that how individuals feel about something depends on how they think about it. Unlike psychoanalytic methods that delve into unconscious processes or humanistic approaches emphasizing...
838
Modeling in Therapy01:26

Modeling in Therapy

364
Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
Participant Modeling
Participant modeling involves therapists demonstrating calm and effective behaviors in...
364
Treatment Strategies for Psychological Disorders01:24

Treatment Strategies for Psychological Disorders

657
Treatment approaches for psychological disorders fall into three main categories: psychological, biological, and sociocultural. Each approach targets different aspects of mental health, requiring varying levels of education and training.
Psychological therapies focus on modifying emotions, thoughts, and behaviors through talking, interpreting, listening, rewarding, challenging, and modeling. Clinical psychologists, counselors, and social workers commonly practice psychotherapy. Clinical...
657
Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior01:28

Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior

196
Automatic processing refers to the cognitive operations that occur without conscious intent or awareness, playing a fundamental role in shaping social cognition and behavior. These processes enable individuals to navigate complex social environments efficiently by relying on mental shortcuts and pre-existing knowledge structures known as schemas. One of the most influential mechanisms underlying automatic processing is priming, which subtly activates mental representations through exposure to...
196
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy01:24

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

325
Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBTs) are grounded in the belief that our thoughts profoundly influence our emotions and actions. Advocates of CBT emphasize three core assumptions: first, that cognitions are identifiable and measurable; second, that they are central to psychological functioning; and third, that irrational or maladaptive beliefs can be replaced with rational and adaptive ones. This transformative approach to therapy has paved the way for specific models such as Albert...
325

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
12:55

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

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Evaluating Generative AI Psychotherapy Chatbots Used by Youth: Cross-Sectional Study.

Kunmi Sobowale1, Daniel Kevin Humphrey2, Sophia Yingruo Zhao3

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Suite 48-241, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, United States, 1 310-794-7035, 1 925-281-3270.

JMIR Mental Health
|December 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Generative AI chatbots offer accessible mental health support but are unsafe for youth due to poor therapeutic quality and crisis handling. Standardized audits are crucial for protecting young users.

Keywords:
ChatGPTartificial intelligencechatbotsconversational agentdigital health: therapyevaluation frameworkgenerative AIlarge language modelspsychotherapypsychotherapy chatbots

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Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
12:55

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Published on: September 27, 2020

8.9K

Area of Science:

  • Digital Mental Health
  • Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
  • Youth Mental Health

Background:

  • Millions of youth utilize direct-to-consumer generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) chatbots for mental health support.
  • The psychotherapeutic quality of these AI chatbots remains significantly understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively evaluate and compare the psychotherapeutic quality of widely used GenAI chatbots.
  • To assess chatbot performance using the Conversational Agent for Psychotherapy Evaluation II (CAPE-II) framework.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving trained raters evaluating 5 GenAI chatbots.
  • Raters adopted youth personas to simulate mental health support interactions.
  • The Conversational Agent for Psychotherapy Evaluation II (CAPE-II) framework was employed for quality assessment.

Main Results:

  • GenAI chatbots demonstrated high accessibility (86.7%) and avoided harmful content (89%).
  • Significant weaknesses were identified in therapeutic approach (31%) and risk assessment (39%).
  • Chatbots exhibited poor crisis handling, opaque privacy policies, and lack of model transparency, with statistically significant quality differences observed.

Conclusions:

  • Direct-to-consumer GenAI chatbots pose unacceptable risks to youth mental health.
  • Urgent reforms, including standardized quality audits like CAPE-II, are necessary.
  • Findings offer targets for platforms, regulators, and policymakers to enhance youth safety in digital mental health support.