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Temperature Dependent Deformation

Temperature Dependent Deformation

In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...

Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials

Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials

The stress-strain relationship in ductile materials such as structural steel or aluminium is intricate and progresses through several stages. When a specimen is loaded, it initially exhibits a linear length increase, depicted by a steep straight line on the stress-strain diagram. It indicates the material is elastically deforming and will return to its original shape once unloaded. However, when a critical stress value is reached, plastic deformation begins. This stage sees substantial...

Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress

Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress

In designing structural elements and machine parts using ductile materials, it is crucial to ensure that these components withstand applied stresses without yielding. Yielding is initially determined through a tensile test, which evaluates the material's response to uniaxial stress. However, tensile stress is insufficient when components face biaxial or plane stress conditions This condition requires advanced criteria to predict failure.
The Maximum Shearing Stress Criterion, also known as...

Measurements of Strain

Measurements of Strain

Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain...

Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings

Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings

When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
In the case of a member with a variable cross-section, the strain is not constant but depends on the position. The deformation of an...

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals

Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals

Published on: November 22, 2021

Quantifying grain boundary deformation mechanisms in small-grained metals.

Romain Gautier^1,2,3, Frédéric Mompiou¹, Oliver Renk⁴

¹CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.

|December 10, 2025

Summary

Grain boundaries in small-grained metals deform via shear-migration coupling, but this process is inefficient and independent of grain boundary misorientation. This suggests grain boundaries act as lattices with defects, not carriers of intrinsic coupling factors, explaining poor nanocrystal ductility.

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Last Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals

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Atom Probe Tomography Studies on the CuIn,GaSe2 Grain Boundaries

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Published on: April 22, 2013

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Crystallography
Mechanical Engineering

Background:

Dislocations govern metal mechanical properties.
In nanocrystals, grain boundaries may enable deformation.
Shear-migration coupling is a key grain boundary mechanism.

Purpose of the Study:

Quantify shear produced by migrating grain boundaries.
Investigate shear-migration coupling efficiency.
Propose a new concept for grain boundary defects.

Main Methods:

Experimental analysis of small-grained polycrystals.
Measurement of shear produced by grain boundary migration.
Analysis of grain boundary misorientation effects.

Main Results:

Grain boundary shear is independent of misorientation.
Shear-migration coupling efficiency is low.
Polycrystals can deform without dislocations, but less effectively.

Conclusions:

Grain boundaries are lattices with defects (disconnections), not carriers of coupling factors.
This explains the limited plastic deformation of nanocrystalline metals.
Dislocation-independent deformation mechanisms are less efficient.