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Diet Components, Immune Function and IgE-Mediated Food Allergy.

Rosina López-Fandiño1

  • 1Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.

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Specific nutrients like vitamin A and fiber promote gut health by strengthening the intestinal barrier and immune tolerance. These dietary components, along with microbial signals, are crucial for establishing oral tolerance in early life.

Keywords:
RORγt-expressing cellsallergyaryl hydrocarbon receptordietoral toleranceretinoic acid

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Nutrition Science
  • Microbiome Research

Background:

  • Rising global food allergies present a significant public health issue.
  • Complex interactions between diet, immune development, and environment contribute to allergies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cellular and molecular mechanisms of dietary components in promoting intestinal homeostasis.
  • To highlight key signaling pathways involved in immune tolerance to food antigens.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on cellular and molecular mechanisms.
  • Analysis of microbiota-dependent and -independent pathways in the small intestine.
  • Examination of retinoic acid (RA) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling axes.

Main Results:

  • Dietary nutrients like vitamin A, fiber, indole compounds, and proteins enhance epithelial barrier integrity and tolerogenic immune responses.
  • RA and AhR signaling converge to regulate RORγt-expressing immune cells (ILC3s, γδ IELs, Th17 cells) crucial for barrier function.
  • These pathways also guide regulatory T cell subsets and CD4+ IELs, maintaining tolerance to dietary antigens.
  • RORγt+ APCs play a role in inducing peripheral Tregs during early life, especially at weaning.

Conclusions:

  • Dietary components and microbial metabolites critically shape intestinal immune responses and oral tolerance.
  • Key signaling axes (RA, AhR) and specific immune cells are central to maintaining gut homeostasis and preventing allergies.
  • Early life, particularly weaning, represents a critical window for establishing immune tolerance through diet-microbiota interactions.