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Magnetic Flux

Magnetic Flux

The magnetic flux measures the number of magnetic field lines passing through a given surface area. The SI unit for magnetic flux is the weber (Wb). Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity. It depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field B, the area through which the field lines pass, and the relative orientation of the field with the surface area.
Suppose a surface is divided into elements of area dA. For each element, the component of the magnetic field that is normal to the...

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

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Implementing Nitrogen Vacancy Center Quantum Sensor Technology for Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing.

Jonathan Villing¹, Matthias Niethammer², Luca-Ion Arişanu²

¹Materials Testing Institute (MPA), University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|December 11, 2025

Summary

Quantum sensors using nitrogen vacancy centers in diamonds offer a new method for Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) testing of prestressed concrete structures. This approach enhances non-destructive testing (NDT) by providing precise, vectorized magnetic field measurements for infrastructure safety.

Keywords:

magnetic flux leakage nitrogen vacancy centers non-destructive testing prestressing steel quantum sensors structural health monitoring

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Quantum Sensing
Civil Engineering

Background:

Structural integrity of prestressed concrete is critical for infrastructure safety.
Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) is a standard non-destructive testing (NDT) method for detecting fractures in prestressing steel.
Existing MFL methods face limitations in sensitivity and directional detection.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the application of quantum sensors based on nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds for MFL testing.
To develop a novel method for processing continuous-wave optically detected magnetic resonance (CW-ODMR) data into vectorized magnetic field measurements.
To validate the effectiveness of NV-center quantum sensors for high-resolution MFL data acquisition.

Main Methods:

Utilized NV-center quantum sensors for MFL testing of prestressed concrete components.
Developed a data processing framework to convert CW-ODMR measurements into vectorized magnetic flux density (x, y, z directions).
Calibrated crystallographic sensor orientations to determine precise field directions for magnetic field reconstruction.

Main Results:

Successfully transformed CW-ODMR data into high-resolution vectorized magnetic field measurements.
Validated the method through 121 fracture measurements and 19 open-bar-end measurements.
Quantified the influence of sensor displacement, magnetization, and measurement distances on data accuracy.

Conclusions:

NV-center quantum sensors provide a promising, highly sensitive alternative for MFL-based NDT.
The developed data processing method enables precise, multi-directional magnetic field reconstruction.
This research lays the groundwork for integrating quantum sensing into advanced NDT and other industrial sensing applications.