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Decoding the Feeling: Investigating the Vibration Used in Sim Racing Steering Wheel Haptic Feedback
Ciara J Murphy1, Mark J Campbell1,2,3,4, Adam J Toth1,2,3,4
1Esports Science Research Laboratory, Lero, The Research Ireland Centre for Software Research, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 11, 2025
Summary
This study decodes haptic feedback in sim racing, finding that vibration frequencies increase with vibrotactile feedback but decrease when force feedback is intensified. Understanding these vibrations enhances sim racing realism.
Area of Science:
- Human-Computer Interaction
- Automotive Engineering
- Biomechanics
Background:
- Haptic technology enhances realism and performance in simulated environments.
- Sim racing utilizes force and vibrotactile feedback in steering wheels, yet information transfer remains poorly understood.
- Investigating haptic feedback mechanisms is crucial for advancing simulation fidelity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To decode vibration frequencies transmitted through a sim racing wheel.
- To analyze how frequency variations correlate with manipulated force and vibrotactile feedback.
- To understand the underlying mechanisms of haptic feedback in sim racing.
Main Methods:
- Recorded sim racing wheel movements using an EMG accelerometer across nine feedback conditions.
- Manipulated force feedback (0-11 nm) and vibrotactile feedback (0-100%).
- Applied Fast Fourier Transforms to analyze signal power up to 200 Hz and used ANOVAs for statistical analysis.
Main Results:
- Wheel motion primarily occurred within 0-5 Hz (force feedback/racer input) and 25-30 Hz bands.
- No significant differences in 0-5 Hz power were observed across conditions.
- 25-30 Hz power increased exponentially with vibrotactile feedback and decreased with increased force feedback.
Conclusions:
- Haptic feedback in sim racing wheels exhibits distinct frequency characteristics.
- Vibrotactile feedback significantly influences higher frequency vibrations (25-30 Hz).
- Force feedback intensity inversely affects these higher frequency vibrations, suggesting complex interactions.
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