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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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The Functions of the Skeletal System01:22

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The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...
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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
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Lower Limb Deformity in Different Types of Rickets.

Anahita Mayr1,2, Benjamin Kraler2,3, Catharina Chiari2,3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|December 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lower limb deformities in rickets, particularly hypophosphatemic (HPR) and calcipenic (CR) forms, differ significantly. Coronal deformities are common, but axial and sagittal deformities are under-reported, especially in CR.

Keywords:
XLHcalcipenic ricketshypophosphatemic ricketslower limb deformitypediatric bone diseaserickets

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Metabolic Bone Disease

Background:

  • Rickets impairs growth plate mineralization, leading to pediatric skeletal deformities.
  • Lower limb deformities significantly impact children's quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare lower limb deformities in hypophosphatemic rickets (HPR) and calcipenic rickets (CR).
  • To identify differences in deformity types and reporting quality between HPR and CR.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic PubMed search following PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
  • Analysis of 126 studies with 21,568 patients, focusing on deformity types and diagnostic methods.
  • Descriptive analysis and subgroup comparison between HPR and CR.

Main Results:

  • Genu varum and valgum were most common; windswept deformities were less frequent.
  • Sagittal and torsional deformities (e.g., maltorsion, procurvatum) were mainly reported in HPR, not CR.
  • Few studies met quality standards for radiological assessment and deformity definition.

Conclusions:

  • Lower limb deformities are prevalent in both HPR and CR but vary in type and documentation.
  • Axial and sagittal deformities are under-reported in rickets, particularly CR.
  • Standardized criteria and improved reporting are needed for rickets deformity management.