Surgical management of breast cancer: a review

This review synthesizes current knowledge on diagnostic, therapeutic, and management approaches for breast cancer, addressing both common and complex clinical scenarios. The analysis covers genetic predisposition in high-penetrance gene carriers, surgical interventions ranging from modified radical mastectomy to oncoplastic techniques, and diagnostic procedures such as sentinel lymph node biopsy. Specific clinical challenges are examined, including the presentation of metastatic disease, non-palpable lesion detection, ductal carcinoma in situ management, and treatment strategies for locally advanced non-metastatic cases. Post-treatment surveillance protocols are evaluated in the context of evolving clinical guidelines. As the leading global malignancy in women, breast cancer continues to present substantial public health burdens and clinical decision-making complexities. The discussion highlights recent progress in early detection modalities, treatment innovations, and prevention methodologies, providing clinicians with evidence-based updates for risk stratification and personalized patient care.