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Modular protein frameworks via supramolecular synthons.

Niamh M Mockler1, Peter B Crowley1

  • 1School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33 Ireland.

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|December 11, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Crystal engineering concepts can guide protein assembly for novel biomaterials. This review explores methods like modular frameworks and synthetic receptors for protein crystal engineering and controlled assembly.

Keywords:
Affinity tagCrystal engineeringMacrocycleProtein assemblyRecognition

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Protein Engineering

Background:

  • Controlled protein assembly and crystal engineering offer pathways to advanced biomaterials.
  • Adapting crystal engineering principles to protein systems is a growing area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application of crystal engineering concepts to protein assembly and crystal engineering.
  • To explore modular 'mix-and-match' approaches and various protein assembly methodologies.
  • To highlight the role of synthetic receptors and specific building blocks in directing protein structures.

Main Methods:

  • Examination of crystal engineering concepts: polymorph searching, molecular tectonics, supramolecular synthons.
  • Review of protein assembly strategies: de novo designed proteins, metal-mediated, and ligand-mediated methods.
  • Analysis of commercially available synthetic receptors (macrocycles) and their use as assembly mediators.

Main Results:

  • Crystal engineering concepts are adaptable to protein-based systems for controlled assembly.
  • 'Mix-and-match' approaches using modular frameworks facilitate protein assembly.
  • Synthetic receptors like macrocycles, calixarenes, and cucurbiturils effectively mediate protein assembly and crystal engineering.

Conclusions:

  • Crystal engineering provides a framework for designing and controlling protein assembly.
  • Modular design and synthetic receptors are key tools for advancing protein-based biomaterials.
  • Reproducible structural units (synthons) derived from tectons direct protein assembly and crystal engineering.