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Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
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Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and...
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 9, 2026

A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways
08:01

A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways

Published on: February 8, 2017

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Strategies for automatic generation of information processing pathway maps.

Anirudh Lakra1, Cai Wingfield2,3, Chao Zhang4,5,6,7

  • 1Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Neuroimaging
|December 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces automated methods for creating Information Processing Pathway Maps (IPPMs) from brain data, improving efficiency and objectivity over manual methods. The max pooling approach demonstrated the best performance in recovering true brain information pathways.

Keywords:
auditory processingelectroencaphlographyinformation processing pathway mapsmagnetoencepalographymotion processing

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Data Science

Background:

  • Information Processing Pathway Maps (IPPMs) visualize brain information flow.
  • Current IPPM construction relies on subjective, labor-intensive manual mapping from electrophysiological data (MEG/EEG).
  • Objective and automated methods are needed for efficient and reproducible IPPM generation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate automated strategies for generating IPPMs from neurophysiological data.
  • To introduce objective metrics for assessing the accuracy of automatically generated IPPMs.
  • To identify the optimal automated procedure for IPPM creation.

Main Methods:

  • A novel dataset was created for evaluating automated IPPM generation.
  • Two new metrics, causality violation and transform recall, were proposed for IPPM accuracy assessment.
  • A simulation study compared various automated IPPM creation procedures, including max pooling.

Main Results:

  • The max pooling approach yielded the best performance based on the proposed evaluation metrics.
  • The study successfully demonstrated the feasibility of automated IPPM generation and evaluation.
  • Ground-truth IPPMs could be recovered with reasonable accuracy using the automated procedure.

Conclusions:

  • Automated generation of IPPMs is a viable and objective alternative to manual methods.
  • The max pooling strategy shows promise for accurate IPPM construction.
  • Further research can refine these methods and explore their application in diverse neuroscience research.