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AI-Enabled Personalized Smoking Cessation Intervention With the Aipaca Chatbot: Mixed Methods Feasibility Study.

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Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) chatbots show promise in supporting smoking cessation by improving preparedness and engagement. This study found GenAI counseling enhanced readiness to quit, though users desired more accountability and personalization.

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Area of Science:

  • Digital health interventions
  • Artificial intelligence in healthcare
  • Behavioral science

Background:

  • Smoking cessation services are underutilized due to access and staffing barriers.
  • Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) chatbots offer a potential solution for personalized, accessible smoking cessation support.
  • Limited research exists on GenAI's effectiveness in smoking cessation outcomes and communication processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the feasibility of a GenAI chatbot (Aipaca) delivering evidence-based smoking cessation counseling.
  • To assess pre-post changes in participants' cessation preparedness.
  • To analyze communication dynamics and user perceptions of the GenAI chatbot.

Main Methods:

  • A mixed-methods study involving 29 adult smokers using a GenAI chatbot (GPT-4) for 30-minute counseling sessions.
  • Pre-post surveys measured cessation knowledge, self-efficacy, and readiness to quit.
  • Conversation analysis of transcripts and semistructured interviews explored communication patterns and user feedback.

Main Results:

  • Participants showed significant improvements in knowledge, self-efficacy, and readiness to quit.
  • Conversation analysis revealed patterns supporting counseling dynamics like continuity and collaborative planning.
  • Users found the chatbot accessible and motivating but desired greater accountability and cultural relevance.

Conclusions:

  • GenAI can deliver effective smoking cessation counseling, yielding short-term gains in preparedness and positive communication patterns.
  • User feedback highlights the need for human-centered design, accuracy safeguards, and integration into broader cessation infrastructures.
  • GenAI chatbots show potential for digital health but require careful design and implementation for optimal clinical deployment.