Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 8, 2026
A Preclinical Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Hemorrhage Contusion and Neuroinflammation
Published on: June 10, 2020
Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury in Trauma-Fixed or Modifiable Risk Factor for Stroke?
Steven G Schauer1, Michael D April2, Andrew D Fisher3
1US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas; Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas; Center for Combat and Battlefield (COMBAT) Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
Introduction:
The epidemiology of blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) lacks consistent findings. We sought to describe the epidemiology of BCVI and the outcomes associated with current treatment strategies within the Trauma Quality Improvement Program registry.
Methods:
We analyzed data from patients ≥15 years of age with a blunt mechanism. BCVI was classified as low grade (1-2) and high grade (3-5).
Results:
From 2017 to 2023, there were 5,798,774 patients that met inclusion. There were 53,940 had a documented BCVI, of which 36,183 were low grade and 19,747 were high grade. Among those without a BCVI, the incidence of stroke was 0.2% (n = 13,459, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2-0.2) compared to those with BCVI 3.3% (n = 1763, CI 3.1-3.4). Among those with a BCVI, those with stroke had a higher median composite injury severity score (29, 20-38 versus 20, 12-29, P < 0.001). Unadjusted stroke risk was as follows based on receipt versus nonreceipt: heparin (5% versus 3%, P < 0.001), low-molecular weight heparin (3% versus 3%, P = 0.080), aspirin (4% versus 3%, P = 0.077), and none (2% versus 4%, P < 0.001). Among those with low-grade BCVI, after adjusting for age, sex, injury severity score, and comorbidities, and mechanism of injury, the following associations with stroke: heparin (odds ratio 2.01, 95% CI 1.30-3.08), LWMH (1.12, 0.73-1.72), aspirin (1.67, 1.01-2.78), and no prophylaxis (0.63, 0.40-0.99). For high-grade: heparin (1.71, 1.13-2.59), LMHW (1.15, 0.76-1.73), aspirin (1.74, 1.06-2.86), and none (0.60, 0.39-0.92).
Conclusions:
Unadjusted and adjusted stroke risk between those with and without anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy demonstrated no benefit. Our findings call into question whether stroke is a modifiable event. High-quality trials are needed.
