Nature-inspired dermal barrier: Tunable biofunctional BSA-fenugreek films and spreadable soft hydrogel for skin...

The increasing prevalence of UV-induced skin damage and the limitations of synthetic sunscreens, such as toxicity, environmental harm, and inadequate multifunctionality, have driven demand for natural, biocompatible alternatives. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed extract (FE), rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, offers inherent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and UV-absorbing properties but lacks mechanical stability for topical applications. This study addresses this gap by integrating FE with bovine serum albumin (BSA) to develop an amyloidogenic hydrogel in film and soft hydrogel forms. Leveraging BSA's heat-induced fibrillation, the composite hydrogel combines FE's bioactive benefits with a tunable protein network, eliminating the need for chemical crosslinkers. Comprehensive characterization confirmed the hydrogel's shear-thinning behaviour, viscoelastic stability, and enhanced UV shielding compared to BSA alone. Biological evaluations highlighted its biocompatibility, significant protection against UVB-induced oxidative stress, and promotion of tissue repair through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. The film formulation demonstrated superior mechanical robustness and prolonged adhesion, making it ideal for long-term photoprotection. This work underscores the potential of natural, protein-polyphenol synergies in creating multifunctional hydrogels for skincare, bridging UV protection with tissue regeneration.