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Related Concept Videos

Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Oogenesis01:22

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Oogenesis,  the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of pre-granulosa cells, forming what is...
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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Ovarian Cycle01:27

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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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Folliculogenesis01:20

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Folliculogenesis is the development of ovarian follicles, the specialized structures within the ovarian cortex where oogenesis, or egg development, occurs. This process is essential for female reproductive health and begins during fetal development when primordial follicles are formed. Each primordial follicle comprises a primary oocyte in the center, surrounded by a single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells. These follicles remain dormant in late prophase I of meiosis until triggered by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation
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Primary ovarian insufficiency.

Megan McCracken1, Nichole Tyson1

  • 1Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Specialties, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
|December 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is reviewed, covering diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. This comprehensive overview aids clinicians in managing POI and supporting patients with updated literature and resources.

Keywords:
AdolescentFertilityGynecologyHormonesOvarian insufficiencyReproductive

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Gynecology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) affects women of reproductive age.
  • Understanding POI's multifaceted nature is crucial for effective management.
  • Current literature provides evolving insights into POI's complex etiology and impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an up-to-date review of primary ovarian insufficiency.
  • To consolidate current knowledge on POI diagnosis, pathophysiology, presentation, evaluation, and treatment.
  • To offer practical resources for clinicians and patients.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of current scientific literature on primary ovarian insufficiency.
  • Synthesis of information regarding diagnosis, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies.
  • Inclusion of tables and figures for enhanced clarity and understanding.

Main Results:

  • Detailed review of primary ovarian insufficiency literature.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria, underlying mechanisms, and clinical manifestations.
  • Outline of current treatment options and long-term follow-up recommendations.

Conclusions:

  • Primary ovarian insufficiency requires a thorough understanding of its various aspects.
  • Clinicians can utilize this review for evidence-based diagnosis and management.
  • Patient resources are provided to support informed decision-making and care.