Advances in chitosan based nanoformulations to enhance crop productivity and resilience

Chitosan and chitosan-based nanoformulations have gained significant attention in sustainable agriculture due to their potential to enhance crop yield while minimizing environmental impact. The nanoscale forms of chitosan such as nanoparticles, nanocomposites and nano-encapsulated bioactive compounds facilitate controlled release, enhanced bioavailability and targeted delivery of agrochemicals. These formulations aid in efficiently managing crop diseases, improving nutrient uptake and alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses like pathogens, drought and salinity. Although many reviews have focused on chitosan and its applications, few have highlighted breakthroughs in green extraction methods, smart delivery systems and precision agriculture tools. This review aims to fill that gap. This review uniquely examines the history and development of chitin and chitosan, recent advances in extraction methods and formulation of different chitosan based nanoformulations, mechanisms of action, latest advancements and possible applications in modern agriculture, while also considering their limitations such as standardization, regulatory barriers, scalability, and outlining future prospects for large-scale adoption. By addressing under-explored areas such as green synthesis methods and smart delivery integration, this review provides a timely perspective aligned with current sustainable agriculture trends. These insights underscore the potential of chitosan nanotechnology in strengthening eco-friendly and sustainable agricultural practices.