Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Antimicrobial Characterization of Advanced Materials for Bioengineering Applications
Published on: August 4, 2018
Engineering host‑defense peptides enhanced by artificial intelligence and nano delivery systems to overcome biofilms
Raman Krishnamoorthi1, Muthuramalingam Kaviyadharshini1, Pambayan Ulagan Mahalingam2
1Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Abstract:
Infections caused by bacteria pose a risk to humanity as drugs become increasingly ineffective as resistance to bacterial strains emerge along with biofilm and persister formation. This review critically evaluates host defense peptides, rational design strategies that have guided next-generation antimicrobial peptide (AMP) discovery, and their current limitations. We also highlight optimization approaches including sequence engineering and chemical modification, synergistic combinations of antibiotics or adjuvants, and nanoscale delivery platforms that enhance stability, targeted delivery, and biofilm penetration. We also discuss the key chemical properties, delivery kinetics, and stimuli-responsive drug delivery for antibacterial and antibiofilm actions as well as the toxic effects of organic- and inorganic-based AMP delivery platforms. This underlines the importance of diverse modification techniques and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted designs to improve the antibacterial activity, stability, and biocompatibility of AMPs. This study examines the latest advances in the combination of AMPs with drug delivery systems to improve clinical outcomes. Finally, the review discusses the clinical status, research gaps, current obstacles, and prospects of AMPs in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) therapy, offering key findings for the development of innovative AMPs with significant antibacterial activity, stability, and safety for AMR treatment.
Related Concept Videos
Antimicrobial Proteins
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
Biofilms
Defense Mechanism Against Infection
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...
Biological Methods for Microbial Control
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence

