Nanomaterials and exercise interventions: A synergistic approach for atherosclerosis therapy (Review)

Atherosclerosis constitutes the fundamental pathological basis for cardiovascular diseases, with its pathogenesis intricately associated with dysfunctions in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Nanomaterials have emerged as a promising research focus within the biomedical field, attributed to their distinctive physicochemical properties. The present review explores the potential of nanomaterials, in conjunction with exercise interventions, to synergistically enhance vascular cell function, thereby presenting innovative therapeutic strategies against atherosclerosis. The present review systematically evaluates the various types of nanomaterials, elucidates their mechanisms of action, examines the synergistic effects of exercise interventions and discusses the challenges encountered in clinical translation, along with prospective directions for future research in this dynamic field.