Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

51.1K
Overview
51.1K
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

858
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
858
Steps in Outbreak Investigation01:18

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

468
In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:
468
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

771
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
771
Prevalence and Incidence01:08

Prevalence and Incidence

1.5K
In statistical epidemiology and health sciences, two essential metrics—prevalence and incidence—are fundamental for understanding disease dynamics within a population. These measures enable public health officials, epidemiologists, and researchers to assess the burden of diseases, allocate resources effectively, and design impactful public health policies and interventions.
Prevalence indicates the proportion of individuals in a population who have a specific disease or health...
1.5K
Probability Laws01:49

Probability Laws

43.8K
Overview
43.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same authorSame journal

Lyme disease in Poland in 2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2026
Same authorSame journal

Pertussis in Poland in 2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2026
Same author

Public spending on immunisation in Poland.

Frontiers in public health·2025
Same author

Chickenpox in Poland in 2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2025
Same author

Mumps in Poland in 2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2025
Same author

Measles in Poland: 2022-2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2025
Same journal

Infectious diseases in Poland in 2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2026
Same journal

Foodborne infections and intoxications in Poland in 2021-2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2026
Same journal

Salmonellosis in Poland in 2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2026
Same journal

Tuberculosis in Poland in 2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber
08:47

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber

Published on: March 3, 2023

2.9K

Rubella in Poland: 2022-2023.

Karolina Mrozowska-Nyckowska1, Jakub Maciej Zbrzeźniak1, Iwona Paradowska-Stankiewicz1

  • 1Zakład Epidemiologii Chorób Zakaźnych i Nadzoru, Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego PZH - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy.

Przeglad Epidemiologiczny
|December 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Poland saw a significant rise in rubella cases in 2022-2023, nearly five times higher than in 2021. This increase in rubella (German measles) may be linked to reduced transmission during pandemic restrictions and vaccination coverage below the elimination threshold.

Keywords:
PolandPolskaepidemiologiaepidemiologyrubellaróżyczkaszczepieniavaccination

More Related Videos

Establishing Mouse Models for Zika Virus-induced Neurological Disorders Using Intracerebral Injection Strategies: Embryonic, Neonatal, and Adult
09:39

Establishing Mouse Models for Zika Virus-induced Neurological Disorders Using Intracerebral Injection Strategies: Embryonic, Neonatal, and Adult

Published on: April 26, 2018

9.1K
Modelling Zika Virus Infection of the Developing Human Brain In Vitro Using Stem Cell Derived Cerebral Organoids
09:18

Modelling Zika Virus Infection of the Developing Human Brain In Vitro Using Stem Cell Derived Cerebral Organoids

Published on: September 19, 2017

10.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber
08:47

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber

Published on: March 3, 2023

2.9K
Establishing Mouse Models for Zika Virus-induced Neurological Disorders Using Intracerebral Injection Strategies: Embryonic, Neonatal, and Adult
09:39

Establishing Mouse Models for Zika Virus-induced Neurological Disorders Using Intracerebral Injection Strategies: Embryonic, Neonatal, and Adult

Published on: April 26, 2018

9.1K
Modelling Zika Virus Infection of the Developing Human Brain In Vitro Using Stem Cell Derived Cerebral Organoids
09:18

Modelling Zika Virus Infection of the Developing Human Brain In Vitro Using Stem Cell Derived Cerebral Organoids

Published on: September 19, 2017

10.9K

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Rubella, a viral illness, poses risks to pregnant women, causing severe congenital defects.
  • Poland implemented mandatory rubella vaccination in 1989 for girls and in 2003 for both sexes via the MMR vaccine.
  • Poland experienced the highest number of rubella cases in the WHO European Region in 2022-2023.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the epidemiological status of rubella in Poland during 2022-2023.
  • To assess vaccination coverage rates and the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on rubella incidence.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of epidemiological data from Voivodeship Sanitary and Epidemiological Stations reports.
  • Utilized data from "Infectious Diseases and Poisonings in Poland" and "Protective Vaccinations in Poland" bulletins (2022-2023).
  • Incorporated individual case investigations from the EpiBaza system, using 2022-2023 surveillance case definitions.

Main Results:

  • Rubella cases increased by 67% from 2022 (147 cases) to 2023 (246 cases), a nearly fivefold rise from 2021.
  • Incidence was highest in children aged 0-4 and 5-9 years.
  • Vaccination coverage in 3-year-olds was approximately 91%, falling short of the ≥95% elimination target; only 2% of cases were laboratory-confirmed.

Conclusions:

  • Epidemiological data from 2022-2023 show a substantial increase in rubella cases in Poland, particularly compared to the COVID-19 pandemic period.
  • The 2023 case count, while lower than pre-pandemic 2019 levels, indicates an upward trend potentially linked to increased transmission post-pandemic restrictions.
  • Lower-than-ideal vaccination coverage may contribute to the rising incidence of rubella (German measles) in Poland.