[Pulmonary complications of immunotherapy, their recognition and treatment]

The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors has brought a major breakthrough in the treatment of solid tumors, particularly in non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and bladder cancer. However, the use of these agents has also been associated with the emergence of a new type of side effect profile, among which pulmonary complications are of outstanding importance. The most frequent and severe of these is immune-related pneumonitis, a potentially life-threatening condition. Clinical symptoms are often nonspecific and may mimic other respiratory or infectious diseases, posing a diagnostic challenge in daily practice. Rapid recognition, careful differential diagnosis, and appropriate management are crucial for treatment continuity and patient safety. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of pulmonary immune-related adverse events, to present their clinical and radiological characteristics, and to review current treatment recommendations.