High-resolution gridded CO₂ and pollutant emission data from road traffic in Indian cities

India has set an ambitious target of achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070. Road transport, contributing to 12% of India's CO₂ emissions, plays a significant role in exacerbating urban air pollution. Given India's swift urbanization, CO₂ emissions from this sector could potentially double by 2050, jeopardizing climate goals. We present CHETNA-Road, a comprehensive 500-meter gridded city traffic emissions dataset for 15 Indian cities derived from street-level floating car data (FCD) based on GPS position and speed of individual vehicles. We applied statistical and machine-learning techniques to improve data quality and extrapolated data to cover all city traffic instead of only the vehicles equipped with GPS using fuel consumption data. We estimated daily CO₂ and ten major pollutant emissions using the COPERT model, which includes speed and vehicle-type dependent emission factors. Finally, we evaluated our dataset against global coarser resolution emission datasets, including Carbon-Monitor cities, EDGAR, and CAMS. Our dataset provides critical insights into India's road traffic emissions and serves as a foundation for targeting congestion and pollution reduction strategies.