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Related Concept Videos

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
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Population Variations in Helmet Fit Affect Calculated Head Injury Risk in Blunt Impact.

Turner Jennings1,2, Rouzbeh Amini3,2, Sinan Müftü1

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115.

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
|December 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Helmet fit significantly impacts injury risk. Different head shapes cause varying padding compression, increasing impact forces and injury metrics by up to 20%, especially in low-energy impacts.

Keywords:
composite helmetcontact forcehelmet ergonomicshelmet fittinghomeworkinterface force

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Helmet Technology

Background:

  • Helmet fit varies due to individual head size and shape.
  • The impact of subject-specific fit on injury risk is not well understood.
  • Accurate modeling of helmet padding is crucial for injury prediction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how variations in helmet fit affect injury risk.
  • To quantify the influence of initial padding compression on impact forces and head injury metrics.
  • To establish a workflow for simulating subject-specific helmet fit in finite element models.

Main Methods:

  • Experimentally measured head/helmet contact forces were used.
  • Finite element head models were subjected to varying initial padding compression levels.
  • Blunt impact analyses were performed using deformed padding as initial conditions.
  • Head injury metrics were calculated for different impact locations and intensities.

Main Results:

  • Increased initial padding compression led to a 20% rise in maximum force, total impulse, and head injury metrics.
  • Higher compression significantly altered brain and skull injury risk.
  • These effects were more pronounced in lower-energy impacts, relevant for sports like American football.

Conclusions:

  • Subject-specific helmet fit, particularly initial padding compression, is a critical factor in determining injury risk.
  • Accurate modeling of padding deformation is essential for realistic helmet impact simulations.
  • Findings emphasize the need to consider fit variations in helmet design and application, especially for repetitive low-energy impacts.