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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

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Visualizing Viscosity Changes in Tumor and Rheumatoid Arthritis with a Dual-Targeted NIR Fluorescent Probe.

Peng Lei1, Pengjia Wei1, Chuan Dong1

  • 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.

Analytical Chemistry
|December 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe, BHD, simultaneously detects viscosity and DNA/RNA in mitochondria and the nucleus. This probe enables real-time monitoring of cellular processes like apoptosis and ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Molecular Imaging
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Fluorescent probes targeting mitochondria and the nucleus are crucial for studying cellular processes like apoptosis and ferroptosis.
  • Limited availability of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes for simultaneous detection of viscosity and DNA/RNA hinders cellular research.
  • Developing novel probes is essential for advancing our understanding of cellular dynamics and disease mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize a novel mitochondrion- and nucleus-targeted NIR fluorescent probe (BHD).
  • To evaluate the probe's capability for simultaneous detection of viscosity and DNA/RNA.
  • To demonstrate the probe's utility in monitoring cellular processes including apoptosis and ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of the BHD probe via condensation reaction.
  • Assessment of BHD stability under physiological conditions.
  • Cellular imaging to detect apoptosis induced by H2O2 and cisplatin.
  • Monitoring ferroptosis induced by erastin and its inhibition by Ferrostatin-1.
  • In vivo imaging of viscosity fluctuations in tumoral ferroptosis and rheumatoid arthritis models.

Main Results:

  • BHD demonstrated effective simultaneous targeting of mitochondria and the nucleus due to its cationic structure and DNA/RNA binding affinity.
  • BHD successfully visualized apoptosis induced by H2O2 and cisplatin, and importantly, showed rotenone did not induce apoptosis in short durations.
  • BHD efficiently monitored erastin-induced ferroptosis and its inhibition by Ferrostatin-1.
  • In vivo imaging successfully captured viscosity changes in tumoral ferroptosis and rheumatoid arthritis models.

Conclusions:

  • The developed BHD probe is a stable and effective tool for simultaneous detection of viscosity and DNA/RNA in both mitochondria and the nucleus.
  • BHD facilitates real-time monitoring of critical cellular events like apoptosis and ferroptosis.
  • The probe shows significant potential for in vitro and in vivo biomedical imaging applications, particularly in disease modeling and diagnosis.