Non-invasive biological matrices on biosensor design

A critical factor governing the performance and applicability of the point-of-care (POC) devices is the source of the sample matrix. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of the various biological matrices utilized in POC biosensor development, evaluating their advantages, limitations, and potential. The traditional invasive sources such as blood offers a rich information profile but presents challenges for continuous monitoring. In contrast, this review emphasizes the growing focus on non-invasive and minimally invasive alternatives, including sweat, saliva, tears, urine, and nasal secretions. Each of these matrices presents a unique composition of biomarkers (e.g., electrolytes, metabolites, hormones, proteins) and distinct challenges related to sample collection, stability, and analyte concentration. The optical and electrochemical methods were utilized to examine these samples. We performed a comprehensive review of the development of POC devices in recent years and assessed their relative merits and drawbacks. Based on the progress of POC development, it illustrates that the various technological and economical requirements are urgent and tremendous. The tendency of high quality, low-cost POC devices, feature of biosensors (paper-based sensor, flexible device, microfluidic chip, et al.) currently widely used in POC and recommendations of future works were summarized.