Tooth loss and masticatory function in older adults: A 15-year population-based time trend study in Singapore

To assess 15-year trends in tooth loss and masticatory function among older adults in Singapore, in the backdrop of system-level dental reforms aimed at improving access and equity.

Nationally representative data from three waves of the Panel on Health and Ageing of Singaporean Elderly (2009, 2011-2012, 2015) and one wave of the Transitions in Health, Employment, Social Engagement and Inter-generational Transfers Study (2023-2024) were analysed. Age-standardised prevalence estimates were computed, and temporal trends were quantified using log-linear regression models to obtain average annual percentage change (AAPC). Trend analysis was conducted overall, and stratified by age, sex, education, and income.

Among participants aged ≥67 years, age-standardised edentulism declined from 39.3 % (2009) to 23.7 % (2023-2024) (AAPC: -1.32; 95 % CI: -1.98 to -0.65), with greater tooth retention among females and adults aged 67-74 years. The prevalence of having ≥20 teeth remained stable at 30.2 % (2023-2024) and increased only among those aged 70-74 years (AAPC: 3.89; 95 % CI: 1.35 to 6.49). Masticatory function did not improve overall and worsened among adults aged 67-74 years despite better tooth retention. Disparities by income and education persisted but did not widen over time.

Tooth retention has improved modestly among older adults in Singapore but this has not consistently translated into better masticatory function. The findings inform clinicians and policymakers about the potential effectiveness of public oral health initiatives over time and underscore the need for sustained, targeted strategies to support functional oral health in ageing populations.

Integrated strategies are needed that address social and systemic determinants of oral health in ageing populations.