Why not both? A case study in measuring cortisol and corticosterone

A general tenet in stress physiology is that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis predominantly produces one glucocorticoid (GC) in response to stressors. However, most vertebrates produce both cortisol and corticosterone, these steroids show variation across species in absolute levels, relative proportions, and stress responsivity, and they regulate much more than just stress physiology. In the present commentary, we argue that focusing on a single GC may not capture the whole story, presenting an overview of previous studies and an example from our own work on poisons frogs-a group relatively new to endocrinological studies. We originally set out to validate non-invasive waterborne hormone measurements in our focal species, the dyeing poison frog Dendrobates tinctorius. In pursuing this goal, we uncovered unexpected patterns of GC abundance within and across species. Dendrobates tinctorius had higher amounts of corticosterone than cortisol in both plasma and waterborne samples, and corticosterone was responsive to adrenocorticotropic hormone as canonically assumed. However, corticosterone and cortisol levels were surprisingly similar in D. tinctorius, and cortisol was more abundant than corticosterone in water samples from four additional poison frog species. Alongside those of other studies, these results challenge the broadly accepted assumption that corticosterone is always more abundant in amphibians and add to the growing literature highlighting the importance of measuring both GCs to understand (stress) physiology.