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Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.

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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Standardized Methods for Measuring Induction of the Heat Shock Response in Caenorhabditis elegans

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Early Developmental Decline in HSP Expression Affects Subsequent Response to Transient Heat Exposure.

C R Warren¹, M B Wilken¹, J M Rollins¹

¹School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA.

Integrative Organismal Biology (Oxford, England)

|January 2, 2026

Summary

Embryonic turtle development shows heat-shock protein (HSP) gene expression naturally declines and repeated heat waves reduce HSP induction, impacting thermotolerance and development.

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Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans

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Last Updated: Jan 7, 2026

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Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans

Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans

Published on: May 21, 2020

Area of Science:

Environmental Biology
Developmental Biology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Transient temperature changes, like heat waves, are increasing in frequency and severity.
Physiological responses to heat during embryonic development are crucial for survival but can be costly.
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) protect cellular homeostasis but their overexpression can harm ectotherm embryos.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate natural developmental patterns of HSP gene expression and heat inducibility in turtle embryos.
To understand how repeated heat wave exposures affect HSP responses during embryonic development.
To explore the implications of incubation temperature on HSP expression and subsequent heat stress response.

Main Methods:

Studied the red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta) during embryonic development.
Exposed embryos to repeated 3-day transient heat wave simulations.
Quantified the expression of five HSP genes in embryonic trunks.

Main Results:

Most HSP gene expression naturally declined during early development, a decline amplified by warmer temperatures.
Warmer temperatures accelerated embryonic developmental rate.
Heat wave exposures showed limited HSP gene induction, which was reduced after prior heat exposures, indicating attenuated responses.

Conclusions:

Ontogenetic changes in HSP expression and inducibility are critical during embryonic development.
Embryos must balance thermotolerance with developmental demands, influenced by incubation temperature.
Findings suggest repeated heat exposures may decrease an embryo's ability to respond to subsequent heat stress, with implications for other ectotherms.