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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Traction Force Microscopy to Study B Lymphocyte Activation
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Stiffness fluctuations in T cells.

Finn Bastian Molzahn1, Julien Husson2

  • 1Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France.

The European Physical Journal. E, Soft Matter
|December 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human T cells exhibit dynamic stiffness fluctuations, not static properties. These actin-dependent oscillations are crucial for cell mechanics and may impact immune functions.

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Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Living Cells Using Atomic Force Microscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Cellular mechanics
  • Biophysics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The actomyosin cortex is crucial for cell functions like migration and division.
  • Previous research noted temporal changes in cell shape and cortical thickness.
  • The link between these morphological changes and cellular stiffness was unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if morphological changes in T cells correlate with stiffness fluctuations.
  • To characterize the dynamic mechanical properties of human CD4+ T cells.
  • To understand the role of the actin cytoskeleton in these dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized profile microindentation and micropipette aspiration to measure mechanical properties.
  • Applied Latrunculin A to disrupt the actin cytoskeleton.
  • Observed cell body movements within micropipettes under low pressure.

Main Results:

  • A significant portion of T cells showed spontaneous, periodic stiffness fluctuations (30-35s period).
  • Actin cytoskeleton disruption abolished these stiffness oscillations.
  • Periodic cell body movements correlated with stiffness peaks, indicating dynamic behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Resting T cells possess dynamic, oscillating mechanical properties, challenging the notion of static cellular mechanics.
  • These stiffness oscillations are actin-dependent and may be vital for processes like microvillar search.
  • The findings highlight the importance of temporal resolution in studying cell mechanics and suggest potential implications for T cell immune functions.