Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Reticular Dermis01:15

Reticular Dermis

The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A comprehensive review of HCN channel expression and I<sub>h</sub> in the auditory system: then, now, and future perspectives.

Journal of neurophysiology·2025
Same author

The Temporal Organization of Learned Vocal Behavior Is Predicted by Species Rather Than Experience.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2025
Same author

Emergent tuning for learned vocalizations in auditory cortex.

Nature neuroscience·2019
Same journal

Computational Model for Synthesizing Auditory Brainstem Responses to Assess Neuronal Alterations in Aging and Autistic Animal Models.

Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO·2026
Same journal

Deaf Acoustics: Listening Through Hearing Aids with Thomas Edison.

Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO·2026
Same journal

Correction: A Structural Equation Approach to Characterizing Growth and Nonlinearity Underlying Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions.

Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO·2026
Same journal

A Structural Equation Approach to Characterizing Growth and Nonlinearity Underlying Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions.

Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO·2026
Same journal

Age-dependent Shifts in Spiral Ganglion Neuron Subtypes Are Associated with Interphase Gap-dependent Modulation of Electrically Evoked Compound Action Potentials in Mice.

Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO·2026
Same journal

Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification for A Fractional-Order Model of the Human Ear.

Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Analysis of Neural Crest Migration and Differentiation by Cross-species Transplantation
09:03

Analysis of Neural Crest Migration and Differentiation by Cross-species Transplantation

Published on: February 7, 2012

23.3K

Translational Potential of the Avian Cortex.

George Ordiway1, Sarah M N Woolley2,3

  • 1Zuckerman Institute for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. go2333@columbia.edu.

Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO
|December 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Birds offer valuable insights into hearing science, from brainstem circuits to vocal learning. Recent research highlights the avian cortex

Keywords:
AnatomyAvianCortexInhibitionSongbirdVocalization

More Related Videos

Electroporation of the Hindbrain to Trace Axonal Trajectories and Synaptic Targets in the Chick Embryo
10:04

Electroporation of the Hindbrain to Trace Axonal Trajectories and Synaptic Targets in the Chick Embryo

Published on: May 29, 2013

11.3K
Creating Avian Forebrain Chimeras to Assess Facial Development
04:10

Creating Avian Forebrain Chimeras to Assess Facial Development

Published on: February 18, 2021

1.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Analysis of Neural Crest Migration and Differentiation by Cross-species Transplantation
09:03

Analysis of Neural Crest Migration and Differentiation by Cross-species Transplantation

Published on: February 7, 2012

23.3K
Electroporation of the Hindbrain to Trace Axonal Trajectories and Synaptic Targets in the Chick Embryo
10:04

Electroporation of the Hindbrain to Trace Axonal Trajectories and Synaptic Targets in the Chick Embryo

Published on: May 29, 2013

11.3K
Creating Avian Forebrain Chimeras to Assess Facial Development
04:10

Creating Avian Forebrain Chimeras to Assess Facial Development

Published on: February 18, 2021

1.4K

Area of Science:

  • Auditory neuroscience
  • Comparative biology
  • Avian cognition

Background:

  • Birds have historically contributed to significant discoveries in hearing science.
  • Key research areas include cochlear development, hair cell regeneration, and brainstem circuit organization in chickens.
  • Studies on owls have advanced understanding of sound localization, while songbirds offer insights into vocal learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of avian models in auditory research.
  • To showcase recent findings on the avian cortex's role in auditory function.
  • To underscore the relevance of studying birds for advancing hearing science.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on avian auditory research.
  • Analysis of recent findings focusing on the avian cortex.
  • Comparative studies across different avian species (chickens, owls, songbirds, parrots, corvids).

Main Results:

  • Birds provide crucial models for understanding fundamental auditory processes.
  • The avian cortex is increasingly recognized for its role in auditory processing and cognition.
  • Diverse avian species offer unique advantages for studying specific aspects of hearing.

Conclusions:

  • The avian brain, particularly the cortex, is a powerful platform for investigating auditory function.
  • Continued research in avian auditory neuroscience promises further breakthroughs in hearing science.
  • The study of birds remains essential for advancing our knowledge of hearing and auditory-related behaviors.