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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy01:26

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy

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Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible sigmoidoscope equipped with a light source and camera to examine the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure involves inserting the tube through the anus...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management01:21

Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management

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Surgical interventions for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are essential in managing symptoms and addressing complications. The selection of surgical procedures is contingent upon the specific conditions and complications that stem from these illnesses.
Here are some common surgical interventions for IBD:
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Peptic Ulcer Disease V: Surgical Management and Nursing Care01:25

Peptic Ulcer Disease V: Surgical Management and Nursing Care

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Surgical management and nursing care are crucial in treating Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD). Here is an organized and enhanced overview of the surgical interventions and the associated nursing care for PUD:
Surgical Interventions for Peptic Ulcer Disease
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
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Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Surgical Robot-Assisted Transanal Specimen Extraction Radical Sigmoidectomy Without an Auxiliary Abdominal Incision
07:22

Surgical Robot-Assisted Transanal Specimen Extraction Radical Sigmoidectomy Without an Auxiliary Abdominal Incision

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Risk Factors for Clostridioides difficile Infection After Otolaryngologic Surgery: An ACS-NSQIP Analysis.

Matthew Y Liu1, Dylan Z Erwin1, Melis N Bayrak1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.

The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology
|December 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) occurs in 0.12% of otolaryngologic surgeries. Older age and longer operating times are key risk factors for this serious complication.

Keywords:
Clostridioides difficileotolaryngologyoutcomespostoperative infectionsurgery

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a significant healthcare-associated complication.
  • Otolaryngologic surgery encompasses a wide range of procedures with varying risks.
  • Understanding CDI incidence and risk factors in this surgical population is crucial for patient safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence of CDI following otolaryngologic surgery.
  • To identify preoperative risk factors associated with postoperative CDI.
  • To inform prevention strategies and reduce patient morbidity and healthcare costs.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study utilizing the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database (2016-2021).
  • Analysis of 149,960 otolaryngologic surgical encounters.
  • Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses to identify risk factors.

Main Results:

  • The overall incidence of postoperative CDI was 0.12% (8.8 cases per 10,000 patient-days).
  • Head and neck reconstructive surgeries had the highest number of CDI cases.
  • Significant risk factors included older age, longer operating times, and poorer functional status.

Conclusions:

  • CDI is a serious and costly complication after otolaryngologic surgery, with an incidence comparable to the national rate.
  • Identifying preoperative risk factors like age and operating time is essential for targeted prevention.
  • Proactive management of identified risk factors can decrease CDI incidence, morbidity, and healthcare expenditures.