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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Question Order Effects in Multidimensional Risk Perception Measurement.

Savannah J Meier1, Hwanseok Song1

  • 1Brian Lamb School of Communication, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.

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|December 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Question order significantly impacts risk perception, with general risk questions aligning with preceding specific dimensions. Analytical thinkers showed stronger order effects, anchoring global evaluations with specific judgments.

Keywords:
analytic thinkingnumeracyorder effectsrisk perception

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Risk Analysis
  • Survey Methodology

Background:

  • Understanding risk perception is crucial for public health and policy.
  • Previous research has not fully explored the impact of question sequencing on multidimensional risk assessments.
  • Cognitive factors may influence how individuals process and respond to survey questions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of question order on multidimensional risk perception.
  • To identify specific dimensions of risk perception susceptible to order effects.
  • To examine whether cognitive sophistication moderates susceptibility to question order effects.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized between-subjects experiment with 1352 participants.
  • Manipulation of the sequence of risk perception dimensions (general, probability, consequence).
  • Analysis of assimilation effects and moderation by analytical thinking style.

Main Results:

  • Systematic question order effects were identified, demonstrating assimilation.
  • General risk perception assimilated to preceding specific dimension ratings.
  • Consequence dimensions showed assimilation when preceded by probability dimensions; probability dimensions were stable.
  • Severity and susceptibility ratings were influenced by preceding subdimensions.
  • Higher analytical thinking correlated with stronger order effects for general risk questions.

Conclusions:

  • Question order significantly biases risk perception, particularly for general risk evaluations.
  • An asymmetrical pattern exists where specific, analytic judgments anchor broader evaluations.
  • Cognitive sophistication, specifically analytical thinking, can exacerbate order effects in risk perception measurement.