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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
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NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

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Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers...
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Quantifying Mixing using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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MC BTS: Simultaneously Resolving Magnetization Transfer Effect and Relaxation for Multiple Components.

Albert Jang1,2, Hyungseok Jang3, Nian Wang4

  • 1Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|December 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new MRI method accurately quantifies tissue properties by simultaneously measuring relaxation and magnetization transfer effects, even with transmit field inhomogeneity. This robust framework is validated in brain and knee tissues.

Keywords:
BTSBloch‐Siegertmagnetization transfermulti‐componentquantitative imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Biophysical Modeling
  • Quantitative Tissue Analysis

Background:

  • Accurate multi-component tissue quantification is crucial for understanding tissue properties.
  • Existing MRI methods often struggle with simultaneous assessment of relaxation, magnetization transfer (MT), and transmit field (B1+) inhomogeneity.
  • Developing a unified framework is essential for comprehensive tissue characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel signal acquisition and modeling framework for multi-component tissue quantification.
  • To simultaneously account for transmit field inhomogeneity, multi-component relaxation, and magnetization transfer (MT) effects.
  • To validate the proposed framework through simulations and in vivo experiments.

Main Methods:

  • An RF-spoiled gradient-echo sequence with off-resonance irradiation and multiple echo times was employed.
  • A three-pool model was developed to describe spin dynamics, including relaxation and spin exchange.
  • Analytical signal equations were derived and validated using Bloch simulations and Monte Carlo analyses.
  • The method's feasibility was tested in vivo on human brain and knee tissues.

Main Results:

  • Simulations demonstrated excellent agreement between the analytical signal equation and numerical models.
  • Monte Carlo simulations confirmed the robustness of the three-pool parameter estimation pipeline across various signal-to-noise ratios.
  • In vivo multi-parameter fitting in brain and knee yielded results consistent with existing literature.
  • The method effectively compensated for B1+ inhomogeneity.

Conclusions:

  • A validated signal acquisition and modeling framework for multi-component tissue quantification has been developed.
  • The framework effectively incorporates magnetization transfer effects and B1+ inhomogeneity.
  • Both simulation and experimental data confirm the method's robustness and applicability to diverse tissues.