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Genomics

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...

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The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Heuristic Mining of Hierarchical Genotypes and Accessory Genome Loci in Bacterial Populations

Heuristic Mining of Hierarchical Genotypes and Accessory Genome Loci in Bacterial Populations

Published on: December 7, 2021

GrainGenes: genetics, genomes, and pangenomes.

Eric Yao¹, Victoria C Blake^1,2, Parva K Sharma³

¹United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, United States.

|December 16, 2025

Summary

GrainGenes provides curated data and tools for wheat, barley, rye, and oat researchers. This agricultural database aids in improving crop traits for better food and feed.

Keywords:

barley database genetics genomics oat pangenomes rye small grains wheat

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Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

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Area of Science:

Agricultural Science
Genomics
Bioinformatics

Background:

GrainGenes is a key database of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, serving researchers since 1992.
It centralizes curated data and web tools for wheat, barley, rye, and oat.
The database supports the global research community in enhancing crop traits.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of the curated content and tools available in GrainGenes.
To highlight the evolution and expansion of GrainGenes resources over time.
To emphasize the utility of GrainGenes for researchers, growers, and farmers.

Main Methods:

Curated data collection and integration for multiple cereal crops.
Development and implementation of web-based tools for data access and analysis.
Continuous updates to include genomic sequences, assemblies, annotations, and pangenomes.

Main Results:

GrainGenes offers a centralized repository of genetic markers, maps, genomic sequences, and pangenomes.
A suite of web-based tools enhances data accessibility and utility for diverse users.
The database has evolved significantly since its inception, expanding its scope and capabilities.

Conclusions:

GrainGenes is an invaluable resource for plant researchers, geneticists, and breeders.
The database supports efforts to improve crop traits like resistance and nutritional content.
Its resources contribute to developing more nutritious food and high-quality animal feed.