The Biopsychosocial Model in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health concern and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. More than hundreds of millions of individuals are affected due to its rise at an alarming rate. Its prevalence is influenced by multiple factors, including socioeconomic status, biological and environmental factors. These factors interact in complex ways to determine the progression of the disease, its onset and outcomes in the long run. Socioeconomic status, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, in addition to gender differences, plays a significant role in disease burden. Nonetheless, behavioural patterns, such as poor diet and a sedentary lifestyle, impair glycaemic control. The chronic nature of T2DM causes a major psychological burden as it is also a leading cause of anxiety and depression, which negatively affects the patients' ability to control their disease. The biopsychosocial model provides a holistic framework that addresses these dimensions, supporting patients both mentally and physically. The framework demonstrates that the management of T2DM requires holistic treatments that address biological aspects, psychological elements and social factors. Treatment planning for T2DM should incorporate pharmacological management in addition to lifestyle changes that help patients become active participants in their healthcare. This review explores that psychosocial care integration into diabetes treatment leads to better patient adherence, improved blood sugar control and enhanced life quality. Additionally, it explores the biopsychosocial determinants of T2DM by emphasising their importance in the approach to a diabetic patient, which aids in bridging the existing gap between clinical treatment approaches and patients' real-life experience to develop a targeted diabetes management strategy, enhancing patient-focused care for a T2DM patient.