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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Four-Dimensional Printing of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Soft Robots
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Multimaterial 3D printed soft robots with embedded actuation and sensing.

Zixiao Zhu1,2, Dong Wang1,2, Mengjie Zhang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.

Science Advances
|December 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a 3D printing method for autonomous soft robots with integrated electronics. This enables advanced functions like tactile sensing and obstacle avoidance for adaptable robotic systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Robotics
  • Materials Science
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Soft robots need integrated actuation and sensing for autonomy, but conventional methods struggle with 3D geometries and material mismatches.
  • Achieving conformal, stretchable, and distributed electronics in soft robots remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel design and fabrication framework for autonomous soft robots with embedded actuation and sensing capabilities.
  • To overcome limitations in integrating electronics with soft robotic bodies.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an integrated digital light processing and direct ink writing 3D printing technology for automated fabrication.
  • Introduced a structural design strategy using lattice metamaterials, wavy interconnects, and discretized printed circuit boards for mechanical-electrical stability.
  • Combined fabrication and design for seamless integration of 3D electronics.

Main Results:

  • Successfully fabricated soft robots with embedded and conformal 3D electronics.
  • Demonstrated robots with multimodal actuation, real-time tactile sensing, and wireless communication.
  • Showcased tactile-to-visual feedback and autonomous obstacle avoidance capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed framework enables the automated fabrication of electronics-integrated soft robots.
  • This approach addresses key challenges in soft robotics, paving the way for more adaptable and autonomous systems.
  • The developed methods facilitate the creation of soft robots with advanced sensing and actuation functionalities.