Comparative evaluation of otological examination techniques in captive Leopardus guttulus

This study evaluated the use of conventional otoscopy, digital otoscopy, and video-otoscopy for the examination of the external ear canal and tympanic membrane in 14 southern tiger cats (Leopardus guttulus). While traditional otoscopic methods did not allow detailed visualization of the epithelium or cerumen, the video-otoscopy technique provided superior image magnification, enabling better identification of anatomical structures, including vascularization of the tympanic membrane. However, mild bleeding was observed in two individuals, likely due to overheating of the xenon light source. Anatomically, the auricle, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane of L. guttulus were similar to those of domestic cats, with a cartilaginous prominence hindered access to the horizontal ear canal in some cases. Cytological analysis revealed desquamated epithelial cells in all individuals, and Malassezia spp. was identified in one animal, highlighting the relevance of fungal monitoring in captive wildlife. Bacterial cultures revealed the presence of coagulase-negative Gram-positive cocci suggestive of Staphylococcus spp. in three samples, with minimal antibiotic resistance. Two older animals presented small, benign-appearing masses near the tympanic membrane. Overall, video-otoscopy was the most effective method for otological examination, offering high-definition imaging and documentation capabilities, although its use requires caution to prevent thermal injury.