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The Evolution of Spatial Computing in Spine Surgery: Tracing the Historical Arc to Present Day Implementation
Galal A Elsayed1, Gabrielle Dykhouse1, Chibuikem A Ikwuegbuenyi1
1Department of Neurological Surgery, Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
World Neurosurgery
|December 17, 2025
Summary
Spatial computing, including augmented and virtual reality, AI, and robotics, has revolutionized spine surgery. These technologies enhance precision, improve patient care, and advance surgical education for safer procedures.
Area of Science:
- Neurosurgery and Medical Technology
- Surgical Innovation
Background:
- Spatial computing has evolved significantly in spine surgery.
- Early methods included stereotactic frames and basic imaging.
Purpose of the Study:
- To trace the historical development of spatial computing technologies in spine surgery.
- To highlight key milestones and modern applications.
Main Methods:
- Review of historical development of spatial computing technologies.
- Analysis of integration of augmented reality, virtual reality, robotics, and AI.
- Examination of intraoperative imaging and robotic platforms.
- Assessment of AI-driven preoperative planning and VR simulations.
Main Results:
- Spatial computing has fundamentally transformed spinal surgery.
- Intraoperative imaging and robotics enhance accuracy and reduce complications.
- AI and VR improve preoperative planning and surgical techniques.
Conclusions:
- Spatial computing marks a paradigm shift towards safer, more precise spine surgery.
- Continuous integration promises further advancements in patient outcomes and education.
