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Feasibility and Precision of Robot-Assisted Autotransplantation of Teeth: An In Vitro Study
Guangwei Chen1, Zuwen Ma1, Zixin Luo2
1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Aim:
This in vitro study evaluated the feasibility, precision and efficiency of robot-assisted tooth autotransplantation compared with static template-guided and freehand techniques.
Methodology:
A total of 120 mandibular resin-bone models were randomly assigned to robot-assisted (RA), template-guided (TG) or freehand (FH) socket preparation (n = 40 each). Preoperative CBCT and intraoral scans were merged for virtual planning. In RA, a Yakebot integrated autonomous drilling and dynamic navigation. Accuracy and efficiency were assessed by 10 metrics (CDD, IPDD-C, IPDD-R, LAD, MDAD, BLAD, RAD, Hausdorff distance, Dice coefficient and socket preparation time). Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's post hoc tests with Bonferroni correction.
Results:
RA achieved the smallest deviations across all parameters. Mean CDD was 0.49 ± 0.25 mm in RA, significantly lower than TG (0.63 ± 0.22 mm) and FH (0.69 ± 0.33 mm; p = 0.005). RA also showed the lowest angular errors (LAD 3.81° vs. TG 6.10° and FH 9.54°; p < 0.001) and highest reproducibility. Hausdorff and Dice analyses confirmed superior 3D congruence in RA. Mean socket preparation time was shortest in RA (5.59 ± 0.32 min; p < 0.001).
Conclusion:
Under standardised in vitro conditions, robot-assisted autotransplantation achieved higher preparation accuracy, reproducibility and procedural efficiency than template-guided and freehand methods. By integrating robot-guided drilling with dynamic navigation, the system enabled precise socket preparation and may help reduce the technical demands of the procedure. These findings provide preliminary evidence of feasibility and support further validation in clinical studies.
