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System 0/1/2/3: Quad-Process Theory for Multitimescale Embodied Collective Cognitive Systems
Tadahiro Taniguchi1, Yasushi Hirai2, Masahiro Suzuki3
1Kyoto University, Ritsumeikan University. taniguchi@i.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
Artificial Life
|December 18, 2025
Summary
This study proposes the System 0/1/2/3 quad-process model, extending dual-process theory to include precognitive embodied processes (System 0) and collective intelligence (System 3). This framework unifies cognition across multiple timescales, from embodied reactions to societal adaptation.
Area of Science:
- Cognitive Science
- Artificial Intelligence
- Neuroscience
- Philosophy of Mind
Background:
- Dual-process theory distinguishes System 1 (intuitive) and System 2 (deliberative) thinking.
- Existing models often overlook precognitive embodied processes and collective intelligence.
- Bergson's philosophy and multiscale time theory offer insights into temporal dynamics of cognition.
Purpose of the Study:
- Introduce the System 0/1/2/3 framework as a quad-process model of cognition.
- Extend dual-process theory to incorporate embodied and collective intelligence.
- Provide a unified perspective on cognition across diverse timescales and levels of abstraction.
Main Methods:
- Conceptual framework extending dual-process theory to a quad-process model.
- Integration of precognitive embodied processes (System 0) and collective intelligence (System 3).
- Application of Bergson's multiscale time theory to unify cognitive temporal dynamics.
Main Results:
- System 0: Morphological computation and passive dynamics in embodied adaptation.
- Systems 1 & 2: Constructive perspective integrating neurodynamics and AI.
- System 3: Collective predictive coding for societal adaptation and symbol emergence.
Conclusions:
- The System 0/1/2/3 model offers a comprehensive framework for cognition.
- It unifies rapid embodied reactions with slow-evolving collective intelligence.
- Opens new research avenues in cognitive science, AI, robotics, and collective intelligence.
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